a matrix object or list – If the set is supplied as a matrix object, the rows must correspond to argument values and columns to replications, and it will be assumed that there is only one variable per observation. If y is a three-dimensional array, the first dimension corresponds to argument values, the second to replications, and the third to variables within replications. – If it is a list, each element must be a matrix object, the rows correspond to argument values per individual. First column corresponds to time points and following columns to argument values per variable.

a vector of length 2 defining a restricted range where the data was observed

Array with time points where data was taken. length(time) == dim(data)[1]

Fd object corresponding to the mean function of the data

basisfd object for smoothing the covariate function

a nonnegative real number specifying the amount of smoothing to be applied to the estimated functional parameter

a linear differential operator object for smoothing penalty of the estimated functional parameter

an object of class "bifd" object or a list of "bifd" elements

a functional data object giving the mean function