Exponential family, radial basis functions,cubic spline, compactly supported Wendland family and stationary covariances.
Given two sets of locations these functions compute the cross covariance matrix for some covariance families. In addition these functions can take advantage of spareness, implement more efficient multiplcation of the cross covariance by a vector or matrix and also return a marginal variance to be consistent with calls by the Krig function.
stationary.cov
and Exp.cov
have additional arguments for
precomputed distance matrices and for calculating only the upper triangle
and diagonal of the output covariance matrix to save time. Also, they
support using the rdist
function with compact=TRUE
or input
distance matrices in compact form, where only the upper triangle of the
distance matrix is used to save time.
Note: These functions have been been renamed from the previous fields functions
using 'Exp' in place of 'exp' to avoid conflict with the generic exponential
function (exp(...)
)in R.
Exp.cov(x1, x2=NULL, theta = 1, p=1, distMat = NA, C = NA, marginal = FALSE, onlyUpper=FALSE) Exp.simple.cov(x1, x2, theta =1, C=NA,marginal=FALSE) Rad.cov(x1, x2, p = 1, m=NA, with.log = TRUE, with.constant = TRUE, C=NA,marginal=FALSE, derivative=0) cubic.cov(x1, x2, theta = 1, C=NA, marginal=FALSE) Rad.simple.cov(x1, x2, p=1, with.log = TRUE, with.constant = TRUE, C = NA, marginal=FALSE) stationary.cov(x1, x2=NULL, Covariance = "Exponential", Distance = "rdist", Dist.args = NULL, theta = 1, V = NULL, C = NA, marginal = FALSE, derivative = 0, distMat = NA, onlyUpper = FALSE, ...) stationary.taper.cov(x1, x2, Covariance="Exponential", Taper="Wendland", Dist.args=NULL, Taper.args=NULL, theta=1.0,V=NULL, C=NA, marginal=FALSE, spam.format=TRUE,verbose=FALSE,...) wendland.cov(x1, x2, theta = 1, V=NULL, k = 2, C = NA, marginal =FALSE,Dist.args = list(method = "euclidean"), spam.format = TRUE, derivative = 0, verbose=FALSE)
x1 |
Matrix of first set of locations where each row gives the coordinates of a particular point. |
x2 |
Matrix of second set of locations where each row gives the coordinatesof a particular point. If this is missing x1 is used. |
theta |
Range (or scale) parameter. This should be a scalar (use the V argument for other scaling options). Any distance calculated for a covariance function is divided by theta before the covariance function is evaluated. |
V |
A matrix that describes the inverse linear transformation of
the coordinates before distances are found. In R code this
transformation is: |
C |
A vector with the same length as the number of rows of x2. If specified the covariance matrix will be multiplied by this vector. |
marginal |
If TRUE returns just the diagonal elements of the
covariance matrix using the |
p |
Exponent in the exponential covariance family. p=1 gives an exponential and p=2 gives a Gaussian. Default is the exponential form. For the radial basis function this is the exponent applied to the distance between locations. |
m |
For the radial basis function p = 2m-d, with d being the dimension of the locations, is the exponent applied to the distance between locations. (m is a common way of parametrizing this exponent.) |
with.constant |
If TRUE includes complicated constant for radial
basis functions. See the function |
with.log |
If TRUE include a log term for even dimensions. This is needed to be a thin plate spline of integer order. |
Covariance |
Character string that is the name of the covariance
shape function for the distance between locations. Choices in fields
are |
Distance |
Character string that is the name of the distance
function to use. Choices in fields are |
Taper |
Character string that is the name of the taper function to use. Choices in fields are listed in help(taper). |
Dist.args |
A list of optional arguments to pass to the Distance function. |
Taper.args |
A list of optional arguments to pass to the Taper
function. |
spam.format |
If TRUE returns matrix in sparse matrix format implemented in the spam package. If FALSE just returns a full matrix. |
k |
The order of the Wendland covariance function. See help on Wendland. |
derivative |
If nonzero evaluates the partials of the
covariance function at locations x1. This must be used with the "C" option
and is mainly called from within a predict function. The partial
derivative is taken with respect to |
verbose |
If TRUE prints out some useful information for debugging. |
distMat |
If the distance matrix between |
onlyUpper |
For internal use only, not meant to be set by the user. Automatically
set to If |
... |
Any other arguments that will be passed to the
covariance function. e.g. |
For purposes of illustration, the function
Exp.cov.simple
is provided in fields as a simple example and
implements the R code discussed below. List this function out as a
way to see the standard set of arguments that fields uses to define a
covariance function. It can also serve as a template for creating new
covariance functions for the Krig
and mKrig
functions. Also see the higher level function stationary.cov
to
mix and match different covariance shapes and distance functions.
A common scaling for stationary covariances: If x1
and
x2
are matrices where nrow(x1)=m
and nrow(x2)=n
then this function will return a mXn matrix where the (i,j) element
is the covariance between the locations x1[i,]
and
x2[j,]
. The exponential covariance function is computed as
exp( -(D.ij)) where D.ij is a distance between x1[i,]
and
x2[j,]
but having first been scaled by theta. Specifically if
theta
is a matrix to represent a linear transformation of the
coordinates, then let u= x1%*% t(solve( theta))
and v=
x2%*% t(solve(theta))
. Form the mXn distance matrix with
elements:
D[i,j] = sqrt( sum( ( u[i,] - v[j,])**2 ) )
.
and the cross covariance matrix is found by exp(-D)
. The
tapered form (ignoring scaling parameters) is a matrix with i,j entry
exp(-D[i,j])*T(D[i,j])
. With T being a positive definite
tapering function that is also assumed to be zero beyond 1.
Note that if theta is a scalar then this defines an isotropic
covariance function and the functional form is essentially
exp(-D/theta)
.
Implementation: The function r.dist
is a useful FIELDS function
that finds the cross Euclidean distance matrix (D defined above) for
two sets of locations. Thus in compact R code we have
exp(-rdist(u, v))
Note that this function must also support two other kinds of calls:
If marginal is TRUE then just the diagonal elements are returned (in R
code diag( exp(-rdist(u,u)) )
).
If C is passed then the returned value is exp(-rdist(u, v))
%*% C
.
Some details on particular covariance functions:
Rad.cov
:The
functional form is Constant* rdist(u, v)**p for odd dimensions and
Constant* rdist(u,v)**p * log( rdist(u,v) ) For an m th order thin plate
spline in d dimensions p= 2*m-d and must be positive. The constant,
depending on m and d, is coded in the fields function
radbas.constant
. This form is only a generalized covariance
function – it is only positive definite when restricted to linear
subspace. See Rad.simple.cov
for a coding of the radial basis
functions in R code.
stationary.cov
:Here the computation is to apply the function Covariance to the distances found by the Distance function. For example
Exp.cov(x1,x2, theta=MyTheta)
and
stationary.cov( x1,x2, theta=MyTheta, Distance= "rdist",
Covariance="Exponential")
are the same. This also the same as
stationary.cov( x1,x2, theta=MyTheta, Distance= "rdist",
Covariance="Matern",smoothness=.5)
.
stationary.taper.cov
:The
resulting cross covariance is the direct or Shure product of the
tapering function and the covariance. In R code given location
matrices, x1
and x2
and using Euclidean distance.
Covariance(rdist( x1, x2)/theta)*Taper( rdist( x1,
x2)/Taper.args$theta)
By convention, the Taper
function is assumed to be identically
zero outside the interval [0,1]. Some efficiency is introduced within
the function to search for pairs of locations that are nonzero with
respect to the Taper. This is done by the SPAM function
nearest.dist
. This search may find more nonzero pairs than
dimensioned internally and SPAM will try to increase the space. One
can also reset the SPAM options to avoid these warnings. For
spam.format TRUE the multiplication with the C
argument is done
with the spam sparse multiplication routines through the "overloading"
of the %*%
operator.
About the FORTRAN: The actual function Exp.cov
and
Rad.cov
call FORTRAN to
make the evaluation more efficient this is especially important when the
C argument is supplied. So unfortunately the actual production code in
Exp.cov is not as crisp as the R code sketched above. See
Rad.simple.cov
for a R coding of the radial basis functions.
If the argument C is NULL the cross covariance matrix is returned. In general if nrow(x1)=m and nrow(x2)=n then the returned matrix will be mXn. Moreover, if x1 is equal to x2 then this is the covariance matrix for this set of locations.
If C is a vector of length n, then returned value is the multiplication of the cross covariance matrix with this vector.
Krig, rdist, rdist.earth, gauss.cov, Exp.image.cov, Exponential, Matern, Wendland.cov, mKrig
# exponential covariance matrix ( marginal variance =1) for the ozone #locations out<- Exp.cov( ChicagoO3$x, theta=100) # out is a 20X20 matrix out2<- Exp.cov( ChicagoO3$x[6:20,],ChicagoO3$x[1:2,], theta=100) # out2 is 15X2 matrix # Kriging fit where the nugget variance is found by GCV # Matern covariance shape with range of 100. # fit<- Krig( ChicagoO3$x, ChicagoO3$y, Covariance="Matern", theta=100,smoothness=2) data( ozone2) x<- ozone2$lon.lat y<- ozone2$y[16,] # Omit the NAs good<- !is.na( y) x<- x[good,] y<- y[good] # example of calling the taper version directly # Note that default covariance is exponential and default taper is # Wendland (k=2). stationary.taper.cov( x[1:3,],x[1:10,] , theta=1.5, Taper.args= list(k=2,theta=2.0, dimension=2) )-> temp # temp is now a tapered 3X10 cross covariance matrix in sparse format. is.spam( temp) # evaluates to TRUE # should be identical to # the direct matrix product temp2<- Exp.cov( x[1:3,],x[1:10,], theta=1.5) * Wendland(rdist(x[1:3,],x[1:10,]), theta= 2.0, k=2, dimension=2) test.for.zero( as.matrix(temp), temp2) # Testing that the "V" option works as advertized ... x1<- x[1:20,] x2<- x[1:10,] V<- matrix( c(2,1,0,4), 2,2) Vi<- solve( V) u1<- t(Vi%*% t(x1)) u2<- t(Vi%*% t(x2)) look<- exp(-1*rdist(u1,u2)) look2<- stationary.cov( x1,x2, V= V) test.for.zero( look, look2) # Here is an example of how the cross covariance multiply works # and lots of options on the arguments Ctest<- rnorm(10) temp<- stationary.cov( x,x[1:10,], C= Ctest, Covariance= "Wendland", k=2, dimension=2, theta=1.5 ) # do multiply explicitly temp2<- stationary.cov( x,x[1:10,], Covariance= "Wendland", k=2, dimension=2, theta=1.5 )%*% Ctest test.for.zero( temp, temp2) # use the tapered stationary version # cov.args is part of the argument list passed to stationary.taper.cov # within Krig. # This example needs the spam package. # ## Not run: Krig(x,y, cov.function = "stationary.taper.cov", theta=1.5, cov.args= list(Taper.args= list(k=2, dimension=2,theta=2.0) ) ) -> out2 # NOTE: Wendland is the default taper here. ## End(Not run) # BTW this is very similar to ## Not run: Krig(x,y, theta= 1.5)-> out ## End(Not run)
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